The CBB

The MCU has used Xhosa (a Nguni Bantu language from South Africa) as a stand-in for Wakandan (which now overlaps pretty well with the combination of Rwanda and Burundi). The script is also clearly very heavily based on Tifinagh (many of the characters are identical but used for unrelated sounds) alt...

Monophtongs in reduced syllables are reduced to a (a), e (e, i, æ, or y), or o (o, u, or ø), diphthongs reduce their first (syllabic) element but the non-syllabic part is unaffected. This is reflected in the orthography. In general words can't end in short vowels so long vowels in final open syllabl...

Not sure what GMP stands for, but I can definitely give the sound changes. The SCA2 annotated code is in the spoiler: V=aeiouæøy-^~123 U=aeiouæøy I=æiiøyeyy A=aeeooæøø O=oøyouøøy C=ptkbdgfþsʃhvðzʒɣlrmnŋjw P=pbfvm T=tdþsðzlrn K=kghɣŋ N=mnŋ J=ij W=uw X=123 Z=-^~ Y=aeeooeoe Q=fþshvðzɣlrmnŋjw ̄/-/_ ̂/^/...

So I've got this to a stage where I'm reasonably happy to talk about it here. The initial seed was to make a Germanic language in which weak verbs were remodelled as strong verbs (rather than the reverse which happened in the irl Germanic languages). The phonology's mostly pretty uninteresting and s...

English /ʃ/ developed from /sk/ in Old English (although in Northumbrian it was sometimes preserved, apparently under Norse influence).

:lat: … [->] :esp: … periculum [->] peligro miraculum [->] milagro parabola [->] palabra crocodilus [->] cocodrilo There's a pretty regular pattern to most of these that (after voicing and some vowel reduction/elision) you have metathesis in rVDl. Cocodrilo doesn't really seem to be a metathesis so...

Similar processes are given as the reason for Spanish "arbol" from Latin "arbor" amongst others (although Spanish also has unrelated metathesis of r and l in some cases).

What are the differences between a fusional and an agglutinative language? Fusional languages encode multiple meanings in grammatical morphemes, -kio could be present tense, imperfect aspect, conditional mood. Agglutinating languages separate these into multiple morphemes. What else characterizes a...

/p t̪ t k/ <p th t k> /m n̪ n ŋ/ <m nh n ng> /ɾ̪ r/ <rh r> /θ x/ <xh x> /w l̪ ɹ j/ <w l d j> /i ɨ e o~u ɔ ɑ/ <i y e u o a> /i: ɨ: e: o:~u: ɔ: ɑ:/ <ii yy ee uu oo aa> /ĩ ɨ̃ ẽ õ~ũ ɔ̃ ɑ̃/ <į y̨ ę ų ǫ ą> /ĩ: ɨ̃: ẽ: õ:~ũ: ɔ̃: ɑ̃:/ <iį yy̨ eę uų oǫ aą> next: this one's pretty much implausible af but, well...

/m n/ <m n>
/p t tʰ d k/ <p t th d k>
/s ɕ ʂ x/ <s sh sr ch>
/w l j/ <w l y>

/i u/ <i u>
/ɚ/ <e>
/a/ <a>

next:

/p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ/
/f v s z ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ xʷ ɣʷ/
/ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ/
/l ɭ ʎ ʟ/

/i e ə ɛ a/
/u ɔ/

Basque may have played a role. Old Basque contrasted gemination for /n l r /, but not for stops or the labial nasal /m/. Old Basque is unlikely to have played a huge role in the development of Latin, given our current understandings of history. Isn't Old Basque usually given as the reason for Spani...

I'm fairly boring, essentially standard modern RP so am pretty close to the charts here . KIT [ɪ̈] DRESS [ɛ̝] TRAP [æ̞] LOT [ɔ̞] STRUT [ɐ] FOOT [ʊ̈] BATH [ɑ̘ː] CLOTH [ɔ̞] NURSE [ɜ̝ː] FLEECE [ïː] FACE [e̞ɪ̯̈] PALM [ɑ̘ː] THOUGHT [ɔ̝ː] GOAT [əʊ̯] GOOSE [ʉ̙ː] PRICE [a̙ɪ̯̈] CHOICE [ɔ̝ɪ̯̈] MOUTH [ɑ̘ʊ̞̯] N...

I imagine kids look them up in dictionaries and then spread them amongst themselves

edit: I doubt this is the only mechanism, but suspect most of the learning is through unofficial channels e.g. like this, or graffiti, or just from other students

/p t t͡ʃ t͡ɕ k q/ <p t c q k '> /b d d͡ʒ d͡ʑ g/ <b d j jj g> /pʰ tʰ t͡ɕʰ kʰ/ <ph th qh kh> /ɸ s ʃ ɕ h/ <f s sh ss x> /β z ʒ ʑ/ <v z zh zz> /r l ɫ/ <r l ll> /m n ɳ ŋ/ <m n nh nn> /aː eː iː oː uː ɨː/ <ā ē ī ō ū ə̄> /ɐ ɛ i ɔ u ɘ/ <a e i o u ə> /ãː ẽː õː ɘ̃ː/ <a̧ ȩ i̧ o̧ u̧ ə̧> Next: /ǀ ᵑǀ ! ᵑ!/ /ǀʰ ᵑǀʰ...

Some of those (particularly the -tho words) reminds me of some of Noah Webster's suggestions that never caught one so, given the time period, it's possible this person was just another member of that trend. I think at the same time there was a trend for writing Vgh as V̂ e.g. "though" as "thô" and i...

What about unstated implicit objects? Would those use the transitive or intransitive verb, or would you disallow such sentences by requiring an explicit object. E.g. which (or what combination) of the following is/are acceptable "did you see 2 the dog" "I did see 1 " "did you see 2 the dog" "I did s...

Yeah, it possibly used to cost a sixpence pre-decimalisation.

How are these " " and ' ' used? I've learnt the standard: "word" and 'its meaning', like "al-kaatib" means 'the scribe'. But sometimes I see them used vice versa. (I'm from the UK) I was taught to use " " for direct speech, quotations, etc and wasn't really taught any rules for ' '. I use ' ' for q...

/p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ/ <b p d t g k> /m n ŋ/ <m n q> /r/ <r> /i ɪ ɛ a ɔ o ʊ u/ <i j e a o w y u> next: /p t c k ʔ/ /m n/ /s ç x χ ħ h/ (both a velar and uvular fricative) /i i̹~y̜ y ɨ ɨ̹~ʉ̜ ʉ ɯ ɯ̹~u̜ u/ /e̞ e̞̹~ø̞̜ ø̞ ə ə̹~ɵ̞̜ ɵ̞ ɤ̞ ɤ̞̹~o̞̜ o̞/ /æ æ̹~ɶ̜ ɶ ɐ̞ ɐ̞̹~ɞ̞̞̜ ɞ̞̞ ɑ ɑ̹~ɒ̜ ɒ/ (so the vowels are a 3x...

The lateralised series was supposed to be lateralised not implosive but the layout didn't make this especially clear. They probably should have been unvoiced (to keep with the film of adding a single feature at a time). So it probably should have looked something like this instead: /p t c k q ʔ/ [+s...